http://support.microsoft.com/kb/556086
http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd464018%28WS.10%29.aspx
http://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/exchange-schema-versions-common-questions-amp-answers.aspx
For Windows AD:
13 -> Windows 2000 Server
30 -> Windows Server 2003 RTM, Windows 2003 With Service Pack 1, Windows 2003 With Service Pack 2
31 -> Windows Server 2003 R2
44 -> Windows Server 2008 RTM
47 -> Windows Server 2008 R2
For Exchange:
4397 -> Exchange Server 2000 RTM
4406 -> Exchange Server 2000 With Service Pack 3
6870 -> Exchange Server 2003 RTM
6936 -> Exchange Server 2003 With Service Pack 3
10628 -> Exchange Server 2007
11116 -> Exchange 2007 With Service Pack 1
14622 -> Exchange 2007 With Service Pack 2
14625 -> Exchange 2007 With Service Pack 3
14622 -> Exchange 2010 RTM
14726 -> Exchange 2010 With Service Pack 1
14732 -> Exchange 2010 With Service Pack 2